Happiness at work

Positive psychology is gaining in popularity. No longer is it enough to find ways to cure mental illness, but psychologists are now researching ways to help people live more fulfilling lives. I wanted to dig in deeper to see what positive psychology has to say about happiness at work. Does happiness really matter for productivity? And if it does, what can we use from the current research that can be applied in today’s workplace?

The Gallup Management Journal Employee Engagement Survey shows a strong correlation between employee engagement and happiness. Happy employees are more equipped to handle change and new challenges. According to another Gallup poll, employees who considered themselves happy spent 80% of their work time on task, versus unhappy employees who only spent 40% of their time on task. Professor Teresa Amabile from Harvard Business School studies employee innovation and performance. Her research discovered that employees were more creative on the days when they were on a good mood.

To increase happiness, there are elements we can control and some that we can’t. Research suggests that some people are born to be sunnier personalities than others. But, even the grumpsters can increase their level of happiness by focusing on the controllable factors. Our level of fulfillment improves, when we find a greater purpose and focus in our daily activities, play to our strengths, learn and grow, and have meaningful relationships. A good workplace can contribute to these happiness drivers.

Purpose and meaning

Organizations that are able to communicate a greater purpose and create an emotional attachment with their employees can reach over 50% increase in discretionary effort. Organizational communications and employment branding do part of this, but the most critical role falls to the managers who create the link between the organizational goals and the day-to-day work.

Strengths and growth

Recognizing individual strengths and letting employees leverage them not only creates happiness, but is a wise investment for the company. The most intense level of happiness is experienced in Flow, where the level of challenge is highest and skills are stretched to meet it. Continuous learning and growth guarantees on-going opportunities to reach Flow.

Meaningful relationships

One of the strongest engagement drivers is to have a best friend at work. Human connections create a sense of purpose and belonging. Organizations should be cautious of evaluation and reward systems that incentivize individualism and internal competition. Cultures that nurture teamwork and service orientation are more likely to promote happiness and loyalty.

Last but not least, positive language by itself is a self fulfilling prophesy. When employees and managers pay attention to positive events, they are more likely to feel happy. Positive feedback, gratitude and recognition are small gestures that go a long way to promote happiness and productivity. What’s the downside?

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Are you after excellence or mediocrity?

I just finished listening to a webinar on Strength-Focused Performance by Marcus Buckingham, who wrote First, Break All The Rules and many other bestselling books. Marcus shared the latest Gallup numbers on where organizations focus their development efforts in 2010. In USA, 45% of efforts are focused on developing strengths and 55% on fixing weaknesses. Interestingly, there is a great gender difference; women peak at 73% focusing on their weaknesses. Millenials also seem to be more focused on their weaknesses at 69%. While other western countries aren’t that different from U.S. companies, the Chinese have totally changed their focus in 10 years. In 2000, only 23% focused on strengths. In 2010 the trend has reversed: 73% of Chinese companies polled are focusing on strengths. The rise of entrepreneurial optimism sees that in order to gain competitive advantage, strengths are the only way to win.

When we talk about strength-focused development, it doesn’t mean that you ignore weaknesses. It’s all about allocation of resources. The return on investment on strengths is 5 to 10 times higher than on weaknesses. Strengths are areas of unlimited opportunity. Weaknesses aren’t. You only want to make a minimal investment in improving weaknesses, enough that they don’t hold your employee back. There may also be other ways to deal with the weaknesses, such as automation, delegating or minimizing the tasks that require involving the employee’s weakness. If the job requires a large amount of time using the weakness, a job match discussion may be required.

On the other hand, developing strengths is time and money well spent. Not only will the performance improve in leaps, but so will employee engagement. People love to work using their strengths. As they continue pushing the limit of their skill and learning to master the next level of challenge, they are more likely to enter Flow, the highest level of human happiness. In 2009, only 14% of employees got to play to their strengths most of the day. When organizations don’t use the talents of their employees, they are underutilizing their human capital and disengaging their strongest players.

The best managers discover the strengths and weaknesses of their team members through observation and dialogue. They appreciate the unique talents and contributions of each individual and put them to full use. They continuously challenge their employees to learn new skills and knowledge, especially in the areas of their strength. They are developing experts.

Are you developing your strengths and the strengths of your employees?

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Are your employees in the Flow?

Dr. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi first described the phenomenon called the Flow in the nineties. It is deep engagement in an activity, where you get so engrossed that you may lose your sense of time. People report deep satisfaction when getting to experience the Flow. Often, they experience it at work, but it can happen during leisure time as well, for example while reading or skiing.

Some call it the High, the Rush, the Groove at work. They would do it for free, and then again, you couldn’t pay enough to force anyone into the Flow. However, you can create an environment conducive to Flow.

Based on Dr. Csíkszentmihályi’s research, the Flow is more likely to emerge in the following conditions: There is a clear goal, a challenge that is commensurate to the skill level of the employee, light amount of pressure, immediate feedback on progress to goal, and no distractions.

Let’s look at distractions. How many of your employees are able to take even a couple of hours to work on a task, and not be expected to return calls, e-mails, IM’s, text messages. Uninterrupted work time is becoming a rarity. With it, we sacrifice the Flow, which is the most creative, the most productive and the happiest time among our workforce. How much Flow time can you afford to lose? You can start by scheduling some on the team calendar.

Clear goals do not equal dictatorial micromanagement, but sharing a clear vision and a clear purpose. When the manager knows the strengths and hold-ups of the employee, it is easier to work together to select the right level of challenges. Good Flow goals gently stretch the earlier limits of the employee’s capabilities, but are not too unrealistic. A light amount of pressure seems to help with the Flow, so “Take all the time that you need”  and “I need it by yesterday” are both extremes that will not help.

Immediate feedback on progress does not mean “Good job!” from the manager on frequent intervals. In fact, evaluative feedback is not helpful. Useful feedback in the Flow shows the employee how the work is progressing. This means metrics, charts, user comments etc. For a software developer, the code itself shows feedback on progress. The painter gets the immediate feedback on the canvas. The finance specialist sees it in the summary reports. The manager can simply help the employee to plan how to get to see the ongoing progress, if the link is not as clear.

What about rewards? For the employee, the intrinsic reward of getting to work in the Flow is the best reward of all. There are numerous studies that have proven that dangling an extrinsic reward such as a cash award in front of the employee makes them focus on the reward and find the least effort path – not necessarily the best path – to complete the task. As a side effect, they lose part of the intrinsic motivation for the task itself.

Switching your company culture to a more Flow culture will not happen overnight. You may need to teach your employees concentration skills, help wean them out from constant multi-tasking and gently push them to dare to stretch their limits. This will be a paradigm shift for your managers as well. The pay-off will be amazing creative solutions, completed in intense Flows, and employees who LOVE their jobs and your company.

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Copyright 2010 Liisa Pursiheimo-Marcks, all rights reserved.
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